Everyone knows about the numerous opinions regarding
feminism and the everlasting feminine that incited a great number of
controversies along many centuries. The feminism is “the advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the
sexes. “[1]
The everlasting feminine is seen as being a psychological and philosophical
archetype that idealize the women’s concept of permanence [2], the
most repeated sentence that we all have heard at least once: ‘The woman is
still a woman’. When a man says that, he generally may refers to the fact that
a woman never change the way of being, even though her role advances along
centuries, her nature didn’t change and nowadays she is still followed by the
ancient stereotypes. I think that women were created by God to be men’s
presence, to complete each other and a woman should have been regarded as an
angelic human being without who the man wouldn’t manage.
It is said that women were not created from men’s
legs to touch the earth or from head to be superior to men but from men’s anat
in order to be equal.[3]
But, it did not happen that, women were not equal to men. They were seen as
being inferior to men and more sinful. Women were
destinated to express the eternal beauty, both external and internal beauty and
even if they are considered to be more sinful than men, because of Eve who eat
from the forbidden tree and gave the forbidden fruit also to Adam, they are a
sort of angelic human beings that were useful for poets who took them and their
beauty and sensibility as muse when they wrote their poems. This is another
fact that proves the importance of women in men’s life. Excepting that sin,
they are considered to be perfect, God gave to woman external beauty but also
internal beauty which consists in sensibility, fragility, having a good heart
but despite these ‘weaknesses’ a woman is stronger than a man because she is
the one who bears more than men do and she still stay strong. And the fact that
‘a woman is still a woman’, that’s true, she can’t change, that is her nature
and she remains how God created her.
From the most ancient times human communities were
organized in roles that were attributed to men and women. This image of the
‘first’ woman dates for a long time and lasted until the beginning of 19th
century when the woman starts to be recognized as mother and wife, but even
though she starts being idealized, this fact didn’t wipe the reality of social
hierarchy of sexes because the important decisions are still taken by men.
After the ‘model’ of the ‘first’ woman who was inferior, in 19th
century appeared the image of the ‘second’ woman who was worshiped and in this
century, women will recognized the last form of men’s domination.[4]
During the 18th century, in England like
in other many countries, there was the belief that men and women were different
from each other and society favored men. Society did not appreciate women, and
their role not only in society but also in men’s life was extremely difficult,
their role was null and they did not matter. In this century persisted the idea
that women and men naturally posses distinct characteristics. Still from the
beginnings, boys were thought that a man was the stronger sex and he must be
intelligent, courageous, strong, determined, agressive and on the other hand,
girls were thought that a woman was more governed by her emotions, she was more
passive and her virtues must be chastity, modesty, compassion and pity.[5] We
can observe that from the beginnings there was a preconceived idea; boys and
girls were prone to what they have to be and how they must behave in society or
in couple’s life when they would become man and woman. Boys or men were prone
to violence, obstinacy and selfishness while girls or women were prone to teach
how to be a good wife and mother. Because of this preconceived ideas women had
to suffer.
Women
in the 18th and 19th century lived in a patriarchal
society dominated entirely by the word of men. Women were
considered as being weak and it was like they came to world only to suffer, so
they had no importance and they were regarded as being a sort of ‘erotic
passives bodies’ or ‘children producing machine’. Simone de Beauvoir is doting
this reality very well telling us what a woman is: “Tota mulier in utero, says one, woman is a womb.”[6]
John Shebbeare, an English tory, he also is doting in 1758 this reality by saying that “The woman was the companion in the hours of
reason and conversation in French, but in England she was only the momentary
toy of passion.”[7]
According to these statements it can be said that women’s role is to give life
and to feed, being excluded from other things that involved men. “And she is simply what man decrees; thus
she is called ‘the sex’, by which is meant that she appears essentially to the
male as a sexual being. For him she is sex-absolute sex, no less.”[8]
Men ruled over their wives and all property belonged to the husband; women did
not have the right to own properties and they had to obey their husbands.
Robert Burton stated that “England is paradise for women, and hell for horses; Italy is a
paradise for horses and hell for women.”[9]
I think that Paradise is a great place where every person would like to live
but in this statement, Robert Burton compares women to horses and as we know,
horses are like slaves because they receive commands from their masters, women,
they also had to obey their husbands. This Paradise for women is actually the
same hell like for horses because both are living out their days in the style
provided by men, their masters. Usually, women were not included in men’s
discussions, in their business and unfortunately men were very proud of their
reputation of treating their women like that and to exert their authority and
superiority on them, they really felt as being their masters and felt very
powerful.
“…woman has not
been socially emancipated through man’s need – sexual desire and the desire for
offspring – which makes the male dependent for satisfaction upon the female.
Master and slave, also, are united by a reciprocal need, in this case economic,
which does not liberate the slave.” The master is the one
who owns the control and thus he can satisfy all his desires.[10]
There is a sort of indispensable relationship
between slaves and masters, they need one another. The slave knows that he need
the master in order to survive (to be dressed, to eat and so on) and the master
needs the slaves in order to be helped in house-keeping or other works. Thus,
regarding the relationship between the wife who is associated to a slave and
her husband who is considered to be the master, there is no big difference. The
wife has to obey her husband, to do her duty in house-keeping because the
husband is the one who keeps her and the husband satisfies her pleasures and
sexual desires. Married women had no control of their earnings and could not
appear in court as witness or vote; only the widows had a better situation
because they could receive a part from their late husband’s property and they
could had control over it. And, a widow could also vote but only in some areas.[11] All
these represent the so called ‘Paradise for women’.
In the 18th century women were not
encouraged to receive education because it was believed that women would ruin
their marriage chances and it could be harmful for them if they were well
educated.[12]
Maybe, if they were less intelligent than men were, it was easier for men to exert
their superiority on them, they were believed as being stupid and incapable to
think. Only the daughters of wealthy families or nobility could benefit an
education and the nuns were also among the women who had an education. Upper
class girls received a good education that centered on making them as marriable
as possible. They had governesses whose main job was to give them an education
that consisted in some knowledge of reading, writing, dancing, music and how to
behave in society, the elementary things. Or, some upper class and middle class
girls had the opportunity to go to boarding schools which were called
seminaries. The educated young women during the 18th century were
usually upper class ladies that had progressive parents. But, they had to hide
their knowledge because in that century, society didn’t want educated women and
they were regarded by the society as being women of questionable moral
character. Poor women who wanted to be educated would join the convents. [13] People
thought that women didn’t need education and there were very limited careers
for women because their role was to stay at home and take care of children and
other things that a wife does, so, women had fewer skills and obligations than
men had. A few sectors of the economy were seen as being an extension to
domestic responsibilities, so, women could work in these sector but they were
law paid than men. Poor people had to work hard in order to survive, they did
everything that was necessary, and so, their life was less comfortable.[14]
Regarding marriage, in the 18th century,
it was vital for a woman to get married, although some women preferred to
remain spinsters, not to get married because they knew that they would lose
their freedom and become the ‘slaves’ of their husbands. In poor families
women’s role was homemaking and this occupied all their time, they had to cook
meals, make clothing, clean the house, and take care of animals and children.
Middle class and wealthy women were a little bit luckier because they had
servants that helped them in homemaking. Women were also responsible for
children education, if their children were not well educated, their mothers
were, usually, those to blame: “Men were
the primary wage earners, while women were expected to be primarily responsible
for housework and childcare.”[15] The
growth of children and the care of family were women’s priority. This kind of
woman, we can say, lived for others, the welfare of her husband and children
were a priority for her and her personal needs were on the second plan.
Generally, women had no word in many aspects of the male decision. While women
stayed at home doing domestic activities and taking care of children; men had
the opportunity to get an education. Women and men, both were pressed by
society to marry. Girls had to marry at tender age and if they did not get
married until 25 it was socially humiliating.[16]
Generally, marriage was not carried out from romantic situations but for
economic benefits and sometimes children’s parents were those who plan their
marriage without taking children’s opinions into account. What really matters
was to have a family name that has an important role in society, have
properties, a good reputation and condition. Even the widows were pressured to
get married again as soon as possible, no matter if their husband was death or
not since only one year or less. Husbands were responsible for all things that
were in connection with their wives, even discipline.
Usually, women ran away from bad marriages because
divorces were rarely granted and in case of separation or divorce women could
not gain the custody of the child. If a woman lost her virginity before
marriage she was seen by society as ruined or fallen. A woman was expected to
lose her virginity only after marriage and to have relations only with a man
who was her husband. For men was acceptable to have many partners in their life
and to have relations before marriage. Often, upper class and middle class
women or ladies spent their time attending social events such as balls and
dinners and these places were a good occasion for unmarried ladies to revolve
around capturing a husband and, usually, they were looking to be a wealthy man,
educated, intelligent and with a good reputation and social condition. All
unmarried girls were the property of their fathers until they got married and
became the property of their husbands and if the father of unmarried girl dies
before his daughter gets married, then she will be taken at the mercy by a
relative male, for example an uncle or a family male close friend.[17] For
the women whose role in society revolved around the idea of getting a husband
the major concern was dressing and presenting oneself well. In the early 18th
century, they wore a dress with wide volume called mantua that was for formal
occasions and hair was worn close to the head with a small cap that was covered
by a hood or heat. The ideal woman in the 18th century had white
skin, plump cheeks, black eyes, small lips, narrow waist that was accomplished
by constricting the abdomen with a corset and had to be pure, modest, refined, and
chaste and to have manners. Women were dressed according to their social class.
Clothing that people wore could reflect their status and situation. A typical
men’s outfit consisted in knee-length coat, knee breeches, a vest, and leather
shoes with heels of low or medium height and a hat with upturned brim.[18]
Robert Burton says that “One was never married and that’s his hell, another is and that’s his
plague.”[19]
In this statement, Robert Burton refers to woman as being in the same time
something good but also something bad. The hell may represent the life of an
unmarried man, he is unhappy because he hasn’t got a family and he suffered for
being alone. We can say that Robert Burton refers to the woman as being an
angel that comes in man’s life to save him from living a life like in hell,
unhappy and alone. The woman is like something necessary in men’s life, but the
man is also necessary in woman’s life, so they are a necessity one to another. Simone
de Beauvoir stated about the woman that “she
is the Other in a totality of which the two components are necessary to one
another.”[20]
But, the woman is also compared with a plague; once one gets married he remains
married till the end of life, the woman is like a plague because you can’t get
off of her anymore. “…woman represents
only the negative, defined by limiting criteria, without reciprocity.”[21] Unfortunately,
women were also the victims of violence; men beat their wives and it was legal,
they had the right to do it. “Even the
word of the law seems to encourage the superiority of men and their dominion
over women”: in 1782, a British judge, Sir Francis Buller declared that it
was “Perfectly legal for a man to beat
his wife, as long as he used a stick no thicker than his thumb.”[22]
If women thought that they would have a happy
marriage, they were wrong, they could realize that once married here start the
limitations, stress and struggles. So, most of women were unhappy thanks to
domestic violence. If a husband murdered his wife, the law says that he would
be hanged and if a woman murdered her husband she would be burned alive. And,
if happens that a woman runs away from her husband it was considered to be a
thief because she was stealing the clothes that she was wearing. English
society consisted not only in civil society but also in Anglican Church
society. Women’s role in Anglican Church was the same as in society, they were
considered those who brought the sin on the earth and it was considered that they
could not have virtues, they could not speak in terms of theology and they were
criticized by the clergy. At the end of 18th century and also along
the 19th century, the rights regarded as a concept started to gain
political, social and philosophical importance. The movements asked for freedom
of religions, abolition of slavery, rights for women, rights for those who had
no property and the universal vote. Also, at the end of 18th century
the problem of feminism and of women’s rights became a theme of debates. The
law said that a married woman must obey her husband and she was considered the
man’s property round the others properties.[23] A
married woman had no legal identity apart from her husband, but “men privilege and domination began to be
eroded in the nineteenth century. It was the Victorians who pioneered the
emancipation of women.”[24]
The image of the ‘first’ woman existed for a long time and lasted in some
societies until the beginning of the 19th century which started to rise
up women’s role and their power.
The late eighteenth and the begging of the
nineteenth centuries brought significant changes in gender roles which led to
separate spheres. The nineteenth century is often called the ‘Victorian Age’,
this name comes from England’s Queen Victoria who ruled many years. Even though
she was also a woman, she hardly did something in order to support women. Only
in 1870 Queen Victoria wrote that the woman should be let to be what God
intended, to be a helpmate for man but with different duties and vocations. [25] In
this century England was transformed by the Industrial Revolution, women
started to fight for their rights and for the first time they started to work
outside the home. The 19th century saw the organized women’s
movement that had a major impact and enlarged their opportunities and their
rights in the following centuries. In 1856 there was a petition to Parliament,
which was signed by 26,000 women, regarding the spheres of occupation, the
right of education for women and to break down their dependence upon men. In
1792, Mary Wollstonecraft wrote ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’ as a
response to 18th century’s educational and political theorists who present
women as being totally inferior to men and said that women didn’t need to have
an education. Mary Wollstonecraft is called the ‘first feminist’ or ‘mother of
feminism’ and she affirms that women are not so weak as men believe, she defend
women’s rights and she said that they must have an education, otherwise how
could they educate their children and having a good education they would be
well regarded by society. She also presents women as being equal to men in some
areas, but she carefully draws the attention on the fact that she “do not wish them [women] to have power over
men; but over themselves.”[26]
For Mary Wollstonecraft women were rational
creatures who were capable of intellectual achievement as men are. So, she
advocates in her ‘Vindications of the Rights of Woman’ the equality between men
and women. She also shows to women which rights they should have and tries to
convince them to fight for it because they have the right to be more
independent and not to be treated like slaves; they are human beings as men
are. In 1860 the public put in question women’s rights and her role and in the
middle of 19th century appeared the first writings in favor of
women. [27]
Abigail Adams wrote to her own husband a letter that
pleaded for Congress (where her husband was at that moment) to remember ladies
when writing to the new constitution and her husband ensured her that the law
would not be changed but they would take in account ‘the ladies’. There also
appeared some famous female novelists such as Jane Austen, Mary Shelley and the
Bronte sisters who present in their works the condition of women in society.
Feminist writers, in 19th century, started to question women’s
inferior social position and they tried to eliminate discriminatory practices. The
role of women in society and in politics started to be questioned in times of
wars through the Revolution that took place in 1848. During the Revolutionary
war women played an important role because they were those who sew the uniforms
that soldiers needed and they even started to make cartridges and wrote about
the war in the local newspapers. And when the war had finished women started to
focus on how to change their rights and their inferiority to men. During the
whole of the
nineteenth century, women still had no political
rights but there had been some movements in other areas in order to advance the
rights of women. [28]
Thus, the 19th century showed an
improvement in women’s education, and it was also the war that opened up the
work place to women and increased their job opportunities. After the war there
were more opportunities for girls or women regarding the education, especially
for upper class girls or women. Jane Austen, in her novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’
said that
“a woman must have a thorough knowledge of
music, singing, drawing, dancing and the modern languages, to deserve the
world; and besides all this, she must possess a certain something in her air
and manner of walking, the tone of her voice, her address and expressions, or
the word will be but half deserved.(Caroline Bingley)”[29]
In this century, in society, appeared the idea that
a well educated woman is better regarded in society, when she has some
knowledge about music and dance (it was a pride for them to know how to sing at
piano and dance, for example, at different balls), about drawing, arts and it
was, also, very important that a woman know how to behave in society, how to
speak and to be standoffish. But, girls received less education than boys, were
barred from universities and could obtain only low-paid jobs. They were thought
reading, writing, math, foreign languages, dancing, drawing and music. Middle
class women received limited education and poor women could attend school. Society
started to encourage modern languages, French being at that time the most
popular language. Modern languages became something fashionable, were useful
when people traveled abroad and it was also a way of broadening lady’s
horizons. Some women, even if it was not permitted yet, excelled also in
subjects that were considered to be only for men such as science, art, law,
engineering, physics.[30]
Women’s fashion during this century was largely
dominated by full skirts which gradually moved to the back of the silhouette;
the fashion is renowned for its corsets, bonnets, top hats, bustles and
petticoats. Like in the previous century, the ideal silhouette demanded a
narrow waist. “Women’s fashions became
more sexual, the hips, buttocks and breasts were exaggerated with crinolines,
hoopskirts and corsets which nipped in the waist and thrust out the breasts.”[31]
The fashion was quite similar in both 18th and 19th
centuries. But, the 1870s to 1880s introduced styles that revealed their
natural silhouette and the corset became a very elegant and desirable object in
a woman’s wardrobe and it took a V form. The hair was arranged at the top of
the head in a bun and puffed out around the face. Women were dressed in the way
that they could be separated from the world of work. Regarding men’s fashion,
it had changed by the early 19th century: the coat still finished in
long tails at the back but was cut higher in front; long trousers were adopted
rather than knee breeches and a tall hat.
Starting by the nineteenth century women ceased from
being excluded from work and public life and they were allowed even to keep
money that they earned. Lower class women had to work with sweat in order to
support themselves and their families and their job, usually they were working
at home and their job was the sewing. Middle class and worthy women could be
authors, teachers, make charity work and towards the end of the century they
could even become shop assistants, typists and clerks. Also, some women were thought how to own their
own businesses such as clothing store or sewing shop and some were employed
even in heavy industry such as coal mines and the steel industry. Poor women
who were pregnant worked up until the day they gave birth and they returned to
work as soon as possible, when their physically able. Only in 1891 it was
introduced the law that required that women could take four weeks away from the
factory work after giving birth, but they were not paid in that period of
staying home and many of them could not afford to lose money. Middle class
women who had the possibility to study had a chance for better jobs such as
saleswomen, cashiers, typists, secretaries, school teacher and governess. In
the 19th century also appeared three medical professions for women
such as nursing, midwifery and doctoring but only in nursing were widely women
accepted because it was believed that doctoring was characteristic for men, so
women were confined to their role as nurses. Wealthy women and ladies spent
their time learning music and conventional skills also in order to be well
regarded by their match maker and to conquer him. Also, in this century,
charitable missions did begin to extend the female role of service.[32]
Thus, “most
people in mid-nineteenth-century England believed that women should and would
participate in philanthropic work. As a number of historians and critics who
have studied the history of women and their roles have observed, women’s
philanthropy seemed to be a natural extension of their domestic role.”[33]
In the 19th century took place great
changes concerning also marriage and divorce. Apparently, in 18th
century, marriage was motivated rather by money than by love.
“For most people
in early nineteenth century England marriage was an indissoluble union,
terminable only by death; this was because the Church Courts could not give an
absolute divorce, though they could grant a legal separation, known as divorce
a mensa et thoro, ‘from bed and board’.”[34]
This situation takes another aspect in the mid
nineteenth century when it started to be allowed marriage from love and women
could marriage being in love with their husband and also they could choose
their other half. Women started to have limited access to divorce, but even so,
it was difficult to obtain. It would be accepted only in case of adultery and
if a man or a woman uses adultery in order to divorce, the adultery should be
demonstrated. A woman could divorce from her husband if he was cruel to her or
if she was left by him and if he committed adultery but she also had to prove
that. Divorces were very expensive, one can be lose wealth and even properties,
so, for poor people the divorce was not an option. The numbers of divorcing in
this century were minuscule and “one
reason for this was that it was much more difficult for a woman to file for
divorce than it was for a man, since a man had only to prove adultery plus
aggravating offences by her husband.”[35]
Beginning from 1839, in case of divorce or
separation, a woman could take custody of their children only if she is not
accused for adultery. Before this new law, in case of divorce, the father was
the one who was given the custody of children no matter which were the reasons
of the divorce. In 1870 the law started to allow women to keep their earnings
and inherit property and in the later years of the 19th century
women gained the right to vote.[36]
“In the
half-century between 1870 and 1923 ( when women were allowed to sue for divorce
on the same grounds as men) women achieved an equality of legal rights within
marriage which had not been theirs during the eight-and a half centuries since Anglo-Saxon
England.”[37]
Regarding the domestic life, women’s place was still
in the home being a good mother and wife. Queen Victoria represented a kind of
femininity which was centered on the domestic life, on the family. She became a
model for all women of that period; she wanted to give herself to them as an
example. Being a woman did not mean anymore the one who had to make children,
an erotic passive body, but she received a symbolic meaning and many people
started to regard the role of woman as a mother and as a wife like a sweet
vocation. Marriage signified that a woman achieved her maturity and she
expected to become mother; a childless single woman was a figure to be pitied
and she was often encouraged to find work such as being a governess or a nursery
maid in order to compensate her for her loss. As the 19th century
continued society had increased the attention of domestic violence towards
wives, it was somehow imposed some legal limits on the amount of force that was
permitted.
The ideal woman in this century is the same as in
the 18th century, except the fact that in the 19th
century it became very important for a woman to be educated and it was still
expected that women, especially middle class and upper class women, had sexual
relations only after marriage and only with their husbands, but husbands could
have pre-marital sexual relation with servant or could spend their inheritance
on a mistress or on prostitutes. Most women of these classes learned about
sexual relation from their husbands in the wedding’s night. Prostitution was
rife in this century; the majority was casual and resorted to only when there
was no any alternative. Most doctors of that period said that a real woman is
that woman who had no sexual desire or just little and only abnormal women felt
strong sexual desire. Only men’s sexual desire was ‘permitted’ but it was
thought that if it cannot be controlled it could damage men’s health and it was
seen as being something unnatural and evil. In 19th century were
widely discussed cases of excessive hardship for wives and were regarded as
being unusual.[38]
Regarding the marriage, every woman dreams about a
perfect one, thus, “women had a clear
idea of what they hoped to achieve in marriage (whatever really followed). They
wanted affection and companionship, even if they thought romantic love was not
likely to last; they wanted a home of their own, children, a husband with a
legal obligation to maintain his family, an acknowledged status in the community
as a wife and mother.”[39]
The Christian churches, Parliament, and the
government thought about marriage that it was an indissoluble contract, a
validation of property and inheritance rights and a legally approved sexual
relationship. In the early nineteenth century, if a husband ill-treated his
wife or was unfaithful to her even she could afford, it was little likelihood
getting a full divorce. “Her only redress
in the early nineteenth century being to try to put an end to their cohabitation
by obtaining a judicial separation (divorce a memo, et thoro).”[40]
As the century advanced it was considered necessary
that law should protect not only the property of upper class wives but also
that of wives of all classes. “ ’I
changed a Misses trammel’d life / For all the glorious licence of wife’; said a
character in the early nineteenth century play, Whistle Me First ( quoted in
Airlie, 1921).”[41]
Thus, wealthy women who had separate estates, after marriage, they were the
most liberated group of women in the nineteenth century and they could do
whatever they wanted and so they did. A woman who had personal wealth, after
marriage, she could lead a much more independent life than other women; she
could travel at home or abroad, visit friends or relatives and thereby she
could avoid the claustrophobia of marriage where the spouses depended on each
other entirely and she could leave her husband since she could maintain
herself. Middle class wives were the most affected by the laws of marriage and
they were those who most reacted against them and these reactions were those
which provoked changes in the legal relations between husbands and wives and,
these introduced the concept of separate spheres and the ideal of the angel of
the house. Working class women also benefited from changes in marriage such as
legal separation and they could also maintain and control their own earnings.[42] Thus, the roles of women in the 18th
and 19th centuries greatly differed from the roles of women in today
society, they had few opportunities and were not appreciated as women are
nowadays and
“the nineteenth
century was a period during which gender roles and above all women’s role in
society underwent considerable change. At the beginning of the century, the
notion of separate social spheres for women and men was firmly established; at
the end of the century, the women’s suffrage movement, dominated by middle
class women, had grown strong and the stage was set for the suffragettes’
battle for the beginning of the twentieth century (Leneman 1998: 37-8).”[43]
[2]
Eternul Feminin, Posted by Cătălin Stănculescu, http://mythologica.ro/eternul-feminin/, 17.12.2013
[3] Biblia- verset cu verset :
« Căci precum femeia este din bărbat, aşa şi bărbatul este
prin femeie”, Facerea 2,22, http://ziarullumina.ro/agenda-crestinului/biblia-verset-cu-verset-caci-precum-femeia-este-din-barbat-asa-si-barbatul-este, 17.12.2013
[4]
Gilles Lipovetsky, A treia femeie (traducere de Radu Sergiu Ruba si Manuela
Vrabie), Univers, Bucuresti, 2000, (pages 180-184)
[5] Gender roles
and Gender differences, http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072820144/student_view0/chapter15/, 17.12.2013
7
Beyond the Sea,
Quoting poetry, http://sailingbeyondthesea.blogspot.ro/2011_03_20_archive.html, 19.12.2013
[8] Simone de
Beauvoir, The Second sex, Vintage, Reissue edition, 1949, (page 8)
9 Best Robert Burton Quotes, http://www.ranker.com/list/a-list-of-famous-robert-burton-quotes/reference, 19.12. 2013
[14] Gender in the Proceedings, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Gender.jsp, 23.12.2013
15 Gender roles in the Eighteenth
Century, http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Gender.jsp#genderroles, 23.12.2013
[17]
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