JARGON
· There are speech sub-varieties that are associated with particular occupations. These sub-varieties are primarily distinguished by their JARGON (i.e. their peculiar words and word-like expressions). The manufacture of jargon is one of the richest sources of new words.
· Jargon serves a very useful purpose. It provides members of a social sub-group with the lexical items they need in order to talk about the subject matter that their field deals with.
SLANG - “language which takes off its coat, spits on its hands – and goes to work”. (Carl Sandburg, American poet, 1878 – 1967)
· It often provides new terms even where none are needed.
· In any language, slang is a proving ground for new words.
· It can be the select speech of groups that wish to be different.
· Although slang creates group identity, it is not necessarily job related. Slang is a badge of membership among such groups as teenagers, jazz musicians, to name a few. Only those who belong to the group can make sense of its particular slang.
FIGURES OF SPEECH
Some figures of speech are frequently apt to enrich the vocabulary of a language.
Simile and metaphor (Gr. metaphora = to carry over; Lat similis = like)
A simile compares notions essentially dissimilar, making use of some features which make the parallel possible.
e.g. as sweet as honey (dulce ca mierea), as cross as nine highways (supărat foc), as drunk as a lord (beat mort), as mad as a hatter (nebun de legat), as plump as a partridge (gras ca o dropie)
Metonymy (Gr. meta = change, + onoma = name) is a figure of speech by means of which the name of an object is replaced by one of its significant attributes.
e.g. iron instead of smoothing iron, hand instead of worker, the gallery instead of the spectators in the gallery, fox instead of fox's fur, the triple crown instead of the Pope
Hyperbole (Gr. hyperbole) is the use of exaggerated terms for the sake of emphasis.
e.g. scared to death, wet to the bone, to make mountains out of mole-hills ("a face din ţânţar armăsar"), a thousand thanks, full to the brim ("plin ochi")
Most similes are hyperbolical in their essence.
e.g. as black as a coal, as sweet as honey, as white as snow
Euphemism (from Greek eu = good, +phene = voice) consists in the substitution of an agreeable phrase or expression for one that is hard, indelicate or taboo.
e.g an elderly lady for "an old woman", gentleman of fortune for "pirate, mercenary", approved school for "correction school", army form blank for "toilet paper", environmental engineer or landscape architect for "gardener", Community Treatment Centre for "prison", sanitary officer for "garbage-man" or "dustman", funny house for "institution for lunatics"etc.
Syllepsis (from Greek syllepsis=putting together) is a figure of speech based on homonymy, implying the simultaneous use of the same lexical unit in two different senses or functions, of which one is proper and the other is figurative.
e.g. Hasn't John ever married? No, he's studying for a bachelor's degree.
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