· Lexicology is one of the most important branches of linguistics. It studies the vocabulary of a language, the word and its substitutes. It also studies variants of vocabulary which are restricted in usage either geographically (dialects and regional variants of the language), socially (hyper-correct, educated, colloquial or slangy variants), professionally (international words), stylistically or occasionally (the vocabulary of formal/informal language). Lexicology is closely related to other linguistic disciplines, i.e. phonetics (phonology), morphology, syntax and stylistics. Any word may be studied from all these linguistic aspects.
The basic linguistic unit with which lexicology operates is the word. According to dictionaries, a word is “an element of human speech to which a meaning is attached, which is apt to be used grammatically and which can be understood by a human collectivity constituted in a historical community”. § Phonetically, a word is expressed by one or more phonemes which are phonetical minimal units. (minimal unit = the smallest part).
§ e.g. the word a [ə] contains only one phoneme while the word book has 3 phonemes (b,u,k)
§ Lexically, or semantically, a word is expressed by one or more lexemes/semantemes (=the minimal unit of meaning).
e.g. the word house is expressed by one semanteme
the word classroom is made up of two semantemes (class&room)
§ Grammatically, a word is expressed by one or more morphemes (= the minimal grammatical unit).
e.g. -in the word house there is only one morpheme
-in houses there are two morphemes: house+s (s= plural ending of the noun or 3rd person singular ending of the verb): He has two houses; It houses many people.
Those elements that can stand by themselves as words are called FREE MORPHEMES (bookshelf); those that can’t stand alone, but need the support of other morphemes, are called BOUND MORPHEMES (room-rooms; quick-quickly; thinkable) .
1. The root (or the base) is that part of a word that remains when the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. (all endings, formatives)
1. The stem (or theme) is the linguistic form used as a base for a new word. Sometimes the root and the stem may coincide.
Collocations are combinations of words; they refer to the common association of particular words in a pattern:
e.g. strong coffee (not powerful coffee), broad summary (wide summary)
take + a look, a seat, an exam, notes
break + a habit, a leg, the law, the window, the world’s record
The Context (of Latin origin – contextus = “texture”; figuratively: “union”, “connection”, “structure”).
The notion of context may be interpreted in at least two ways:
1.in a limited linguistic sense
2. in a broader sense
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